American fast food restaurant corporation
Corporate logo on red background with the wordmark, used in the 1990s and early 2000s
McDonald’s Corporation is an American multinational fast food chain, founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald, in San Bernardino, California, United States. They rechristened their business as a hamburger stand, and later turned the company into a franchise, with the Golden Arches logo being introduced in 1953 at a location in Phoenix, Arizona. In 1955, Ray Kroc, a businessman, joined the company as a franchise agent and proceeded to purchase the chain from the McDonald brothers. McDonald’s had its previous headquarters in Oak Brook, Illinois, but moved its global headquarters to Chicago in June 2018.[8][9][10][11]
McDonald’s is the world’s largest restaurant chain by revenue,[12] serving over 69 million customers daily in over 100 countries[13] in more than 40,000 outlets as of 2021.[14][15] McDonald’s is best known for its hamburgers, cheeseburgers and french fries, although their menus include other items like chicken, fish, fruit, and salads. Their most well-known licensed item on the menu would be their French fries with the Big Mac close behind.[16] The company has been the recipient of criticism for the unhealthiness of their food.[17] The McDonald’s Corporation revenues come from the rent, royalties, and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. According to two reports published in 2018, McDonald’s is the world’s second-largest private employer with 1.7 million employees (behind Walmart with 2.3 million employees).[18][19] As of 2022[update], McDonald’s has the sixth-highest global brand valuation.[20]
McDonald’s has been subject to criticism over the health effects of its products, its treatment of employees,[21] and other business practices.
History
Siblings Richard and Maurice McDonald opened the first McDonald’s at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, California (at 34°07′32″N 117°17′41″W / 34.1255°N 117.2946°W / 34.1255; -117.2946), on May 15, 1940. The brothers introduced the “Speedee Service System” in 1948, putting into expanded use the principles of the modern fast-food restaurant that their predecessor White Castle had put into practice more than two decades earlier.[22][23] The original mascot of McDonald’s was a chef hat on top of a hamburger who was referred to as “Speedee”.[24] In 1962, the Golden Arches replaced Speedee as the universal mascot. The mascot, clown Ronald McDonald, was introduced in 1965. He appeared in advertising to target their audience of children.[25]
Logo from 1940 until 1948Logo from 1948 until 1953Logo from 1953 until 1960
On May 4, 1961, McDonald’s first filed for a U.S. trademark on the name “McDonald’s” with the description “Drive-In Restaurant Services”, which continues to be renewed. By September 13, McDonald’s, under the guidance of Ray Kroc, filed for a trademark on a new logo—an overlapping, double-arched “M” symbol. But before the double arches, McDonald’s used a single arch for the architecture of their buildings. Although the “Golden Arches” logo appeared in various forms, the present version was not used until November 18, 1968, when the company was favored a U.S. trademark.
The present corporation credits its founding to franchised businessman Ray Kroc on April 15, 1955.[26] This was in fact the ninth opened McDonald’s restaurant overall, although this location was destroyed and rebuilt in 1984.[clarification needed] Kroc was recorded as being an aggressive business partner, driving the McDonald brothers out of the industry.[27]
Kroc and the McDonald brothers fought for control of the business, as documented in Kroc’s autobiography. In 1961, he purchased the McDonald brothers’ equity in the company and began the company’s worldwide reach.[28] The sale cost Kroc $2.7 million, a huge sum during that time.[27] The San Bernardino restaurant was eventually torn down in 1971, and the site was sold to the Juan Pollo chain in 1998. This area serves as headquarters for the Juan Pollo chain, and a McDonald’s and Route 66 museum.[29] With the expansion of McDonald’s into many international markets, the company has become a symbol of globalization and the spread of the American way of life. Its prominence has made it a frequent topic of public debates about obesity, corporate ethics, and consumer responsibility.
Products
McDonald’s predominantly sells hamburgers, various types of chicken, chicken sandwiches, French fries, soft drinks, breakfast items, and desserts. In most markets, McDonald’s offers salads and vegetarian items, wraps and other localized fare. On a seasonal basis, McDonald’s offers the McRib sandwich. Some speculate the seasonality of the McRib adds to its appeal.[30] During March of each year, McDonald’s offers a Shamrock Shake to honor Saint Patrick’s Day.[31]
In addition, the chain also sells some items within the United States on a regional bases; for example, the Hatch Green Chile Double Cheeseburger, which is topped with New Mexico green chile, is only available in the southwestern state of New Mexico.[32][33]
Products are offered as either “dine-in” (where the customer opts to eat in the restaurant) or “take-out” (where the customer opts to take the food off the premises). “Dine-in” meals are provided on a plastic tray with a paper insert on the floor of the tray. “Take-out” meals are usually delivered with the contents enclosed in a distinctive McDonald’s-branded brown paper bag. In both cases, the individual items are wrapped or boxed as appropriate.
Since Steve Easterbrook became CEO of the company, McDonald’s has streamlined the menu which in the United States contained nearly 200 items. The company has looked to introduce healthier options, and removed high-fructose corn syrup from hamburger buns. The company has removed artificial preservatives from Chicken McNuggets,[34] replacing chicken skin, safflower oil and citric acid found in Chicken McNuggets with pea starch, rice starch and powdered lemon juice.[35]
In September 2018, McDonald’s USA announced that they no longer use artificial preservatives, flavors and colors entirely from seven classic burgers sold in the U.S., including the hamburger, cheeseburger, double cheeseburger, McDouble, Quarter Pounder with Cheese, double Quarter Pounder with Cheese and the Big Mac.[36][37] Nevertheless, the pickles will still be made with an artificial preservative, although customers can choose to opt out of getting pickles with their burgers.[38][39]
In November 2020, McDonald’s announced McPlant, a plant-based burger, along with plans to develop additional meat alternative menu items that extend to chicken substitutes and breakfast sandwiches.[40][41] This announcement came after the successful testing of Beyond Meat plant based meat substitutes.
A Croque McDo from France
McDonald’s Menu are different in their countries. Restaurants in several countries, particularly in Asia, serve soup. This local deviation from the standard menu is a characteristic for which the chain is particularly known, and one which is employed either to abide by regional food taboos (such as the religious prohibition of beef consumption in India) or to make available foods with which the regional market is more familiar (such as the sale of McRice in Indonesia, or Ebi (prawn) Burger in Singapore and Japan).
In Germany and some other Western European countries, McDonald’s sells beer. In New Zealand, McDonald’s sells meat pies, after local affiliate McDonald’s New Zealand partially relaunched the Georgie Pie fast food chain it bought out in 1996.[42] In Greece, the signature hamburger, Big Mac, is changed by adding Tzatziki sauce and packaging in a pita.[43]
In the United States and Canada, after limited trials on a regional basis, McDonald’s began offering in 2015[44] and 2017,[45] respectively, a partial breakfast menu during all hours its restaurants were open. All-day breakfast was phased out from menus at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.[46]
Restaurants
There are over 36,000 McDonald’s restaurants globally. Over a third of these (14,146 restaurants) are in the United States alone – the second highest number is in Japan with 2,975 restaurants, followed by China with 2,700. These three countries make up a majority of global McDonald’s stores.[47]
Types of restaurants
Most standalone McDonald’s restaurants offer both counter service and drive-through service, with indoor and sometimes outdoor seating.[48] Drive-Thru, Auto-Mac, Pay and Drive, or “McDrive” as it is known in many countries, often has separate stations for placing, paying for, and picking up orders, though the latter two steps are frequently combined;[48] it was first introduced in Sierra Vista, Arizona in 1975,[49] following the lead of other fast-food chains. The first such restaurant in Britain opened at Fallowfield, Manchester in 1986.[50]
In 1994, McDonald’s attempted Hearth Express, a prototype specializing in homestyle takeout meals. Among the fare offered were meatloaf, fried chicken, and baked ham. This experiment started with a single location in Darien, Illinois, but closed in only one year.[51]
McDrive
In some countries, McDrive locations near highways offer no counter service or seating.[52] In contrast, locations in high-density city neighborhoods often omit drive-through service.[53] There are also a few locations, mostly in downtown districts, that offer a “Walk-Thru” service in place of Drive-Thru.[54]
McCafé
McCafé is a café-style accompaniment to McDonald’s restaurants. The concept was created by McDonald’s Australia, starting with Melbourne in 1993.[55] As of 2016, most McDonald’s in Australia have McCafés located within the existing McDonald’s restaurant. In Tasmania, there are McCafés in every restaurant, with the rest of the states quickly following suit.[48] After upgrading to the new McCafé look and feel, some Australian restaurants have noticed up to a 60 percent increase in sales. At the end of 2003, there were over 600 McCafés worldwide.[citation needed]
“Create Your Taste” restaurants
From 2015 to 2016, McDonald’s tried a new gourmet burger service and restaurant concept based on other gourmet restaurants such as Shake Shack and Grill’d. It was rolled out for the first time in Australia during the early months of 2015 and expanded to China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Arabia and New Zealand, with ongoing trials in the US market. In dedicated “Create Your Taste” (CYT) kiosks, customers could choose all ingredients including type of bun and meat along with optional extras. CYT food was served to the table on wooden boards, fries in wire baskets, and salads in china bowls with metal cutlery at a higher price. In November 2016, Create Your Taste was replaced by a “Signature Crafted Recipes” program designed to be more efficient and less expensive.[56]
Other
Some locations are connected to gas stations and convenience stores,[57] while others called McExpress have limited seating or menu or may be located in a shopping mall. Other McDonald’s are located in Walmart stores. McStop is a location targeted at truckers and travelers which may have services found at truck stops.[58]
In the United Kingdom, McDonald’s restaurants can be found in service stations, petrol stations, McDrive Thru, Asda Superstores and Supercenters, shopping centres, retail parks and high street restaurants. One McDonald’s Drive-Thru in Crawley is located in the car park of a Sainsbury’s store. Other McDonald’s locations named ‘McExpress’ or ‘McDonald’s & Go’ have limited seating and can be found more commonly in railway stations and airports.
In Sweden, Happy Meal containers can be used as goggles,[59] with the game Slope Stars.[59] In the Netherlands, McDonald’s has introduced McTrax that doubles as a recording studio; it reacts to touch.[59] They can create their own beats with a synth and tweak sounds with special effects.[59]
On the river Elbe in Hamburg, Germany is the world’s only McBoat, a float through service (similar to drive through) for people on the river.[60][61]
Special diet
This section needs expansion with: Details of other McDonald’s restaurants where special dietary requirements are catered for. You can help by adding to it. (November 2015)
The first kosher McDonald’s was established in 1997 at the Abasto de Buenos Aires mall in Buenos Aires, Argentina. There are many kosher branches in Israel.[62][63]
PlayPlaces
McDonald’s playgrounds are called McDonald’s PlayPlace. Some McDonald’s in suburban areas and certain cities feature large indoor or outdoor playgrounds. The first PlayPlace with the familiar crawl-tube design with ball pits and slides was introduced in 1987 in the US, with many more being constructed soon after.[citation needed]
McDonald’s Next
McDonald’s Next use open-concept design and offer “Create Your Taste” digital ordering. The concept store also offers free mobile device charging and table service after 6:00 pm. The first store opened in Hong Kong in December 2015.[64]
2006 redesign
An American McDonald’s in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, in June 2008; this is an example of the “new” look of American McDonald’s restaurants.
In 2006, McDonald’s introduced its “Forever Young” brand by redesigning all of its restaurants, the first major redesign since the 1970s.[65][66] It resembles a coffee shop, with wooden tables, faux-leather chairs, and muted colors; the red was muted to terracotta, the yellow was shifted to golden for a more “sunny” look, and olive and sage green were added. The warmer look has less plastic and more brick and wood, with modern hanging lights for a softer glow. Many restaurants feature free Wi-Fi and flat-screen TVs. Other upgrades include double drive-thrus, flat roofs instead of the angled red roofs, and fiber glass instead of wood. Instead of the familiar golden arches, the restaurants feature “semi-swooshes” (half of a golden arch), similar to the Nike swoosh.[67]
Smoking ban
McDonald’s began banning smoking in 1994 when it restricted customers from smoking within its 1,400 wholly owned restaurants.[68]
COVID-19 pandemic
A curbside pickup at a McDonald’s drive-thru during the COVID-19 pandemic
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, McDonald’s closed most seating and all play areas in its United States restaurants.[69] It transitioned to drive-thru and curbside orders at locations and online food ordering delivery services.[70] The re-opening of McDonald’s restaurants for drive-thru in the United Kingdom generated significant queues of traffic throughout the country.[71][72][73][74][75] In July 2020, for the years’s second quarter, McDonald’s reported earnings of 66 cents per share. Compared to the same period of last year, it represented a fall of 68%.[76]
Treatment of employees
Automation
Since the late 1990s, McDonald’s has attempted to replace employees with electronic kiosks which would perform actions such as taking orders and accepting money. In 1999, McDonald’s first tested “E-Clerks” in suburban Chicago, Illinois, and Wyoming, Michigan, with the devices being able to “save money on live staffers” and attracting larger purchase amounts than average employees.[77]
In 2013, the University of Oxford estimated that in the succeeding decades, there was a 92% probability of food preparation and serving to become automated in fast food establishments.[78] By 2016, McDonald’s “Create Your Taste” electronic kiosks were seen in some restaurants internationally where customers could custom order meals. As employees pushed for higher wages in the late-2010s, some believed that fast food companies such as McDonald’s would use the devices to cut costs for employing individuals.[79]
In September 2019, McDonald’s purchased an AI-based start-up Apprente for replacing human servers with voice-based technology in its US drive-throughs.[80]
Wages
On August 5, 2013, The Guardian revealed that 90 percent of McDonald’s UK workforce are on zero-hour contracts, making it possibly the largest such private sector employer in the country.[81] In April 2017, due to employee strikes, they gave all employees the option of fixed contracts instead.[82] A study released by Fast Food Forward conducted by Anzalone Liszt Grove Research showed that approximately 84 percent of all fast food employees working in New York City in April 2013 had been paid less than their legal wages by their employers.[83]
From 2007 to 2011, fast food workers in the U.S. drew an average of $7 billion of public assistance annually resulting from receiving low wages.[84] The McResource website advised employees to break their food into smaller pieces to feel fuller, seek refunds for unopened holiday purchases, sell possessions online for quick cash, and to “quit complaining” as “stress hormone levels rise by 15 percent after ten minutes of complaining.”[85] In December 2013, McDonald’s shut down the McResource website amidst negative publicity and criticism. McDonald’s plans to continue an internal telephone help line through which its employees can obtain advice on work and life problems.[86]
Liberal think tank the Roosevelt Institute accuses some McDonald’s restaurants of actually paying less than the minimum wage to entry positions due to “rampant” wage theft.[87] In South Korea, McDonald’s pays part-time employees $5.50 an hour and is accused of paying less with arbitrary schedule adjustments and pay delays.[88] In late 2015, data collected anonymously by Glassdoor suggests that McDonald’s in the United States pays entry-level employees between $7.25 an hour and $11 an hour, with an average of $8.69 an hour. Shift managers get paid an average of $10.34 an hour. Assistant managers get paid an average of $11.57 an hour.[89] McDonald’s CEO, Steve Easterbrook, earns an annual salary of $1,100,000.[90] His total compensation for 2017 was $21,761,052.[91]
Strikes
McDonald’s workers have on occasions decided to strike over pay, with most of the employees on strike seeking to be paid $15.00.[92] When interviewed about the strikes occurring, former McDonald’s CEO Ed Rensi stated: “It’s cheaper to buy a $35,000 robotic arm than it is to hire an employee who’s inefficient making $15 an hour bagging french fries” with Rensi explaining that increasing employee wages could possibly take away from entry-level jobs.[93] However, according to Easterbrook, increasing wages and benefits for workers saw a 6% increase in customer satisfaction when comparing 2015’s first quarter data to the first quarter of 2016, with greater returns seen as a result.[93]
In September 2017, two British McDonald’s stores agreed to a strike over zero-hours contracts for staff. Picket lines were formed around the two stores in Crayford and Cambridge. The strike was supported by the Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn.[94][95]
Occupation
Workers at the McDonald’s franchise at Saint-Barthélémy, Marseille, occupied the restaurant, in protest against its planned closure. Employing 77 people, the restaurant is the second-biggest private sector employer in Saint-Barthélémy, which has an unemployment rate of 30 percent.[96] Lawyers for Kamel Guemari, a shop steward at the franchise, claimed an attempt was made to kill him when a car drove at him in the restaurant car park.[97][98]
Working conditions
In March 2015, McDonald’s workers in 19 U.S. cities filed 28 health and safety complaints with the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration which allege that low staffing, lack of protective gear, poor training and pressure to work fast has resulted in injuries. The complaints allege that, because of a lack of first aid supplies, workers were told by management to treat burn injuries with condiments such as mayonnaise and mustard.[99] The Fight for $15 labor organization aided the workers in filing the complaints.[100]
Animal welfare standards
In 2015, McDonald’s pledged to stop using eggs from battery cage facilities by 2025. Since McDonald’s purchases over 2 billion eggs per year or 4 percent of eggs produced in the United States, the switch is expected to have a major impact on the egg industry and is part of a general trend toward cage-free eggs driven by consumer concern over the harsh living conditions of hens.[101][102] The aviary systems from which the new eggs will be sourced are troubled by much higher mortality rates, as well as introducing environmental and worker safety problems.[103] The high hen mortality rate, which is more than double that of battery cage systems, will require new research to mitigate. The facilities have higher ammonia levels due to faeces being kicked up into the air. Producers raised concerns about the production cost, which is expected to increase by 36 percent.[104]
McDonald’s continues to source pork from facilities that use gestation crates, and in 2012 pledged to phase them out.[105][106][needs update]
Corporate overview
Facts and figures
Corporate logo used from 1960 until November 18, 1968Corporate logo used from November 18, 1968, until 2003Corporate logo used from 1993 to 2010
By 1993, McDonald’s had sold more than 100 billion hamburgers so two-digit signs were left at “99 billion”.[107]
McDonald’s restaurants are in 120 countries and territories and serve 68 million customers each day.[108][109] McDonald’s operates 37,855 restaurants worldwide, employing more than 210,000 people as of the end of 2018.[14][15][108] There are a total of 2,770 company-owned locations and 35,085 franchised locations, which includes 21,685 locations franchised to conventional franchisees, 7,225 locations licensed to developmental licensees, and 6,175 locations licensed to foreign affiliates.[14][15]
Focusing on its core brand, McDonald’s began divesting itself of other chains it had acquired during the 1990s. The company owned a majority stake in Chipotle Mexican Grill until October 2006, when McDonald’s fully divested from Chipotle through a stock exchange.[110][111] Until December 2003, it owned Donatos Pizza, and it owned a small share of Aroma Café, from 1999 to 2001. On August 27, 2007, McDonald’s sold Boston Market to Sun Capital Partners.[112]
McDonald’s has increased shareholder dividends for 25 consecutive years,[113] making it one of the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats.[114][115] The company is ranked 131st on the Fortune 500 of the largest United States corporations by revenue.[116] In October 2012, its monthly sales fell for the first time in nine years.[117] In 2014, its quarterly sales fell for the first time in seventeen years, when its sales dropped for the entirety of 1997.[118]
In the United States, it is reported that drive-throughs account for 70 percent of sales.[119][120] McDonald’s closed down 184 restaurants in the United States in 2015, which was 59 more than what they planned to open.[121][122] This move was the first time McDonald’s had a net decrease in the number of locations in the United States since 1970.[122]
The McDonald’s on-demand delivery concept, which began in 2017 with a partnership with Uber Eats and added DoorDash in 2019 (with select locations adding Grubhub in 2021), accounts for up to 3% of all business as of 2019.[123]
The $100 billion in sales generated by McDonald’s company-owned and franchise restaurants in 2019 accounts for almost 4% of the estimated $2.5 trillion global restaurant industry.[124]
Finance
For the fiscal year 2018, McDonald’s reported earnings of US$5.9 billion, with an annual revenue of US$21.0 billion, a decrease of 7.9% over the previous fiscal cycle. McDonald’s shares traded at over $145 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$134.5 billion in September 2018.
Year
Revenuein million US$
Net incomein million US$
Total assetsin million US$
Price per sharein USD$
Locations[125]
Employees
Ref.
2005
19,117
2,602
29,989
31.88
[126]
2006
20,895
3,544
28,975
36.79
31,046
[126]
2007
22,787
2,395
29,392
50.98
31.377
[126]
2008
23,522
4,313
28,462
58.06
31,967
[127]
2009
22,745
4,551
30,225
57.44
32,478
385,000
[128]
2010
24,075
4,946
31,975
70.91
32,737
400,000
[129]
2011
27,006
5,503
32,990
83.97
33,510
420,000
[130]
2012
27,567
5,465
35,387
92.53
34,480
440,000
[131]
2013
28,106
5,586
36,626
97.26
35,429
440,000
[132]
2014
27,441
4,758
34,227
96.38
36,258
420,000
[133]
2015
25,413
4,529
37,939
100.28
36,525
420,000
[134]
2016
24,622
4,687
31,024
120.14
36,899
375,000
[135]
2017
22,820
5,192
33,804
148.76
37,241
235,000
[136]
2018
21,025
5,924
32,811
166.06
37,855
210,000
[137]
2019
21,077
6,025
47,511
198.27
38,695
205,000
[138]
2020
19,208
4,731
52,627
200.89
39,198
200,000
[139]
2021
23,223
7,545
53,606
234.69
40,031
200,000
[140][4]
Business model
Ray Kroc joined the chain in 1954 and built it into a global franchise, making it the most successful fast food corporation in the world.
The company owns all the land on which its restaurants are situated, which is valued at an estimated $16 to $18 billion.[citation needed] The company earns a significant portion of its revenue from rental payments from franchisees. These rent payments rose 26 percent, between 2010 and 2015, accounting for one-fifth of the company’s total revenue at the end of the period.[141] In recent times, there have been calls to spin off the company’s U.S. holdings into a potential real estate investment trust, but the company announced at its investor conference on November 10, 2015, that this would not happen. CEO Steve Easterbrook discussed that pursuing the REIT option would pose too large a risk to the company’s business model.[142]
The United Kingdom and Ireland business model is different from the U.S, in that fewer than 30 percent of restaurants are franchised, with the majority under the ownership of the company. McDonald’s trains its franchisees and management at Hamburger University located at its Chicago headquarters.[143][144] In other countries, McDonald’s restaurants are operated by joint ventures of McDonald’s Corporation and other, local entities or governments.[145]
According to Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser (2001), nearly one in eight workers in the U.S. have at some time been employed by McDonald’s. Employees are encouraged by McDonald’s Corp. to maintain their health by singing along to their favorite songs in order to relieve stress, attending church services in order to have a lower blood pressure, and taking two vacations annually in order to reduce risk for myocardial infarction.[146] Fast Food Nation states that McDonald’s is the largest private operator of playgrounds in the U.S., as well as the single largest purchaser of beef, pork, potatoes, and apples. The selection of meats McDonald’s uses varies to some extent based on the culture of the host country.[147]
In 2021, the company cut value meals and cheaper items from its menu as part of a focus on higher-priced items.[148][149][150][151]
Headquarters
On June 13, 2016, McDonald’s confirmed plans to move its global headquarters to Chicago’s West Loop neighborhood in the Near West Side. The 608,000-square-foot structure opened on June 4, 2018, and was built on the former site of Harpo Productions (where The Oprah Winfrey Show and several other Harpo productions taped).[8][9]
The McDonald’s former headquarters complex, McDonald’s Plaza, is located in Oak Brook, Illinois. It sits on the site of the former headquarters and stabling area of Paul Butler, the founder of Oak Brook.[152] McDonald’s moved into the Oak Brook facility from an office within the Chicago Loop in 1971.[153]
Board of directors
As of February 2021[update], the board of directors had the following members:[154]
Enrique Hernandez Jr., non-executive chairman; president and CEO of Inter-Con Security
Lloyd H. Dean, president and CEO of Dignity Health
Chris Kempczinski, president and CEO of McDonald’s
Robert A. Eckert, operating partner of Friedman Fleischer & Lowe
Margo Georgiadis, CEO of Ancestry.com
Richard H. Lenny, non-executive of Conagra Brands
John J. Mulligan, executive vice president and COO of Target Corporation
Sheila A. Penrose, non-executive chairman of Jones Lang LaSalle
John W. Rogers Jr., chairman and CEO of Ariel Investments
Miles D. White, chairman and CEO of Abbott Laboratories
Andrew J. McKenna, chairman emeritus. Also chairman emeritus of Schwarz Supply Source
Catherine M. Engelbert, commissioner of the Women’s National Basketball Association
Paul S. Walsh, executive chairman of McLaren Group
On March 1, 2015, after being chief brand officer of McDonald’s and its former head in the UK and northern Europe, Steve Easterbrook became CEO, succeeding Don Thompson, who stepped down on January 28, 2015.[citation needed]
In November 2019, McDonald’s board of directors voted to remove Easterbrook as CEO since he had violated corporate policies on personal conduct by entering into a relationship with a company employee.[155] He was replaced as CEO by Chris Kempczinski, who had been president of McDonald’s USA.[156]
In August 2022, McDonald’s announced significant changes to its board. It said that existing director Sheila Penrose, chair of JLL Inc., would retire and that Anthony Capuano, CEO of Marriott International, executive vice president and worldwide chairman of pharmaceuticals Jennifer Taubert of Johnson & Johnson, and Amy Weaver president and CFO of Salesforce would join. The changes were unrelated to an effort by activist investor Carl Icahn.[157][158][159]
Global operations
Countries with McDonald’s restaurants, showing their first year with its first restaurant
McDonald’s has become emblematic of globalization, sometimes referred to as the “McDonaldization” of society. The Economist newspaper uses the “Big Mac Index”: the comparison of the cost of a Big Mac in various world currencies can be used to informally judge these currencies’ purchasing power parity. Switzerland has the most expensive Big Mac in the world as of July 2015, while the country with the least expensive Big Mac is India[160][161] (albeit for a Maharaja Mac—the next cheapest Big Mac is Hong Kong).[162] The northernmost McDonald’s restaurant in the world is located in Rovaniemi, Finland (after the restaurant in Murmansk, Russia was closed in 2022)[163] and the southernmost in the world is located in Invercargill, New Zealand.[164][non-primary source needed]
Thomas Friedman said that no country with a McDonald’s had gone to war with another;[165][166] however, the “Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention” is incorrect. Exceptions are the 1989 United States invasion of Panama, NATO’s bombing of Serbia in 1999, the 2006 Lebanon War, and the 2008 South Ossetia war. McDonald’s suspended operations in its corporate-owned stores in Crimea after Russia annexed the region in 2014.[167] On August 20, 2014, as tensions between the United States and Russia strained over the Russian annexation of Crimea, and the resultant U.S. sanctions, the Russian government temporarily shut down four McDonald’s outlets in Moscow, citing sanitary concerns. The company has operated in Russia since 1990 and at August 2014 had 438 stores across the country.[168] On August 23, 2014, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Arkady Dvorkovich ruled out any government move to ban McDonald’s and dismissed the notion that the temporary closures had anything to do with the sanctions.[169]
Some observers have suggested that the company should be given credit for increasing the standard of service in markets that it enters. A group of anthropologists in a study entitled Golden Arches East[170] looked at the impact McDonald’s had on East Asia and Hong Kong, in particular. When it opened in Hong Kong in 1975, McDonald’s was the first restaurant to consistently offer clean restrooms, driving customers to demand the same of other restaurants and institutions. McDonald’s has taken to partnering up with Sinopec, the second largest oil company in the People’s Republic of China, as it takes advantage of the country’s growing use of personal vehicles by opening numerous drive-thru restaurants.[171] McDonald’s has opened a McDonald’s restaurant and McCafé on the underground premises of the French fine arts museum, The Louvre.[172]
The company stated it would open vegetarian-only restaurants in India by mid-2013.[173][needs update]
On January 9, 2017, 80% of the franchise rights in mainland China and in Hong Kong were sold for US$2.08 billion to a consortium of CITIC Limited (for 32%) and private equity funds managed by CITIC Capital (for 20%) and Carlyle (for 20%), which CITIC Limited and CITIC Capital would form a joint venture to own the stake.[174]
On March 8, 2022, McDonald’s temporarily closed their 850 locations in Russia due to the invasion of Ukraine, but will continue to pay the salary for 62,000 employees. Approximately nine percent of global revenue and three percent of operating profit come from Russia and 100 locations in Ukraine.[175][176][177]
On May 16, 2022, McDonald’s announced that the closures would become permanent and that it was selling all its 850 stores in Russia. Furthermore, 32 years after McDonald’s entered the Soviet market, the American giant wants its current business to be “de-Arched”, the company plans to retain its trademarks in Russia, meaning the locations would no longer be allowed to use the McDonald’s name, logo, or menu. McDonald’s also said it would continue to pay its Russian employees until the sale is finalized. The company has more than 60,000 Russian employees.[178][179][180][181][182]
On June 10, 2022, a Russian McDonald’s buyer announced a new logo as an attempt at rebranding. It featured one circle and two lines, which represented a burger and two French fries.[183] The business was rebranded as Vkusno i tochka, which roughly translates to “Tasty – Period.”[184][185][186]
McDonald’s is to reopen its stores in Ukraine after closing them in February in non-contested areas like Kyiv and Western Ukraine. During the closure McDonald’s has continued to pay its employees, number some 10,000. Originally some 109 restaurants, it is unclear how many will reopen.[187]
On November 11, 2022, McDonald’s in Belarus announced that all 25 stores in 6 cities will rebrand and operate as Vkusno i tochka “in several weeks”.[188]
McDonald’s restaurants
Marketing and advertising
McDonald’s has for decades maintained an extensive advertising campaign. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and signage, and also sponsors sporting events ranging from Little League to the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games.[189] Television has played a central role in the company’s advertising strategy.[190] To date, McDonald’s has used 23 different slogans in United States advertising, as well as a few other slogans for select countries and regions.[191]
Children’s advertising
Celebrity endorsements
In 1992, basketball player Michael Jordan became the first celebrity to have a McDonald’s value meal named after him. The “McJordan”, a Quarter Pounder with pickles, raw onion slices, bacon and barbecue sauce, was available at Chicago franchises.[192]
In March 2014, a special “Sprite 6 Mix by LeBron James” flavor of Sprite featuring the flavors of lemon-lime, orange, and cherry, debuted just before the NBA playoffs.[193] James’ endorsement of Sprite has also included the seasonal “cranberry” and “winter-spiced cranberry” editions of the beverage. James’ deal with Coca Cola and Sprite ended in 2020, with a new partnership with Pepsi and Mountain Dew launching in 2021.[194]
In September 2020, McDonald’s partnered with rapper Travis Scott to release the “Travis Scott Meal”, a Quarter Pounder with cheese, bacon, lettuce, pickles, ketchup and mustard; medium fries with barbecue sauce; and a Sprite, nationwide. Scott designed new uniforms for McDonald’s employees and released Cactus Jack merchandise using vintage visuals from the fast food chain’s history.[195] The company followed up with the “J Balvin Meal”, a Big Mac with no pickles; fries with ketchup; and a Oreo McFlurry, in a partnership with reggaeton singer J Balvin.[196] LeBron James has been a spokesman for McDonald’s from 2003 to 2017[197] while co-endorsing Coca Cola-Sprite since early in his career.[198]
In 2021, McDonald’s partnered with Korean boy group BTS to release the “BTS Meal” in 50 countries around the world, starting on May 26 in select countries. The meal consists of a 10-piece Chicken McNuggets, medium fries, medium Coke, and for the first time in the United States, two spicy dipping sauces: Sweet Chili and Cajun.[199]
Space exploration
McDonald’s and NASA explored an advertising agreement for a planned mission to the asteroid 449 Hamburga; however, the spacecraft was eventually cancelled.[200]
McDonald’s entered the NASCAR Cup Series in 1977, sponsoring Richard Childress for one race. Between the years 1977 and 1986, McDonald’s would only sponsor a handful of races in a season. In 1993, McDonald’s became the full-time sponsor for the No. 27 Junior Johnson & Associates Ford, driven by Hut Stricklin. In 1994, Stricklin was replaced in the car by Jimmy Spencer, who would go on to win twice that season. The following season McDonald’s would move over to the No. 94 Bill Elliott Racing Ford, driven by team-owner Bill Elliott.[202] McDonald’s stayed with Elliott until the 2001 season when they moved again, this time to the No. 96 PPI Motorsports Ford, driven by rookie Andy Houston. However, when the team failed to field a car for the entire season, McDonald’s became absent from NASCAR until 2004, when it joined Evernham Motorsports as a part-time sponsor for drivers Elliott, Kasey Kahne, Elliott Sadler, A. J. Allmendinger, and Reed Sorenson until 2010.
During the 2010 season, McDonald’s would enter its longest partnership with a team at Chip Ganassi Racing, sponsoring the No. 1 Chevrolet driven by Jamie McMurray until his final race in the 2019 Daytona 500.[203][204] McDonald’s moved to CGR’s No. 42 of Kyle Larson, whom the company sponsored until his suspension in 2020,[205] and also had a one-race partnership with Richard Petty Motorsports’ No. 43 Chevrolet driven by Bubba Wallace in 2019 and 2020.[206][207] McDonald’s continued working with the No. 42 under new driver Ross Chastain in 2021 and also joined Wallace’s new team 23XI Racing as a “founding partner”.[208][209]
Sports awards and honors
McDonald’s is the title sponsor of the McDonald’s All-American Game, all-star basketball games played each year for top ranked amateur American and Canadian boys’ and girls’ high school basketball graduates.
Charity
McHappy Day
McHappy Day is an annual event at McDonald’s, during which a percentage of the day’s sales go to charity. It is the signature fundraising event for Ronald McDonald House Charities.[210]
In 2007, it was celebrated in 17 countries: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, England, Finland, France, Guatemala, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United States, and Uruguay.
According to the Australian McHappy Day website, McHappy Day raised $20.4 million in 2009. The goal for 2010 was $20.8 million.[211]
McDonald’s Monopoly donation
In 1995, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital received an anonymous letter postmarked in Dallas, Texas, containing a $1 million winning McDonald’s Monopoly game piece. McDonald’s officials came to the hospital, accompanied by a representative from the accounting firm Arthur Andersen, who examined the card under a jeweler’s eyepiece, handled it with plastic gloves, and verified it as a winner.[212] Although game rules prohibited the transfer of prizes, McDonald’s waived the rule and made the annual $50,000 annuity payments for the full 20-year period through 2014, even after learning that the piece was sent by an individual involved in an embezzlement scheme intended to defraud McDonald’s.
McRefugee
McRefugees are poor people in Hong Kong, Japan, and China who use McDonald’s 24-hour restaurants as a temporary hostel.[213]
Criticism
McDonald’s has been criticised for numerous aspects of its business, including the health effects of its products, its treatment of employees, and other business practices. In the late 1980s, Phil Sokolof, a millionaire businessman who had suffered a heart attack at the age of 43, took out full-page newspaper ads in New York, Chicago, and other large cities accusing McDonald’s menu of being a threat to American health, and asking them to stop using beef tallow to cook their french fries.[214]
In 1990, activists from a small group known as London Greenpeace (no connection to the international group Greenpeace) distributed leaflets entitled What’s wrong with McDonald’s?, criticizing its environmental, health, and labor record. The corporation wrote to the group demanding they desist and apologize, and, when two of the activists refused to back down, sued them for libel leading to the “McLibel case”, one of the longest cases in English civil law. A documentary film of the McLibel Trial has been shown in several countries.[215]
In 2001, Eric Schlosser’s book Fast Food Nation included criticism of the business practices of McDonald’s, particularly with respect to its use of political influence and targeting advertisements to children.[216] In 2002, vegetarian groups, largely Hindu and Buddhist, successfully sued McDonald’s for misrepresenting its French fries as vegetarian, when they contained beef broth.[217]
Critical terms such as “McJob” and “McMansion” have been added to dictionaries.[218][219][220]
Morgan Spurlock’s 2004 documentary film Super Size Me claimed that McDonald’s food was contributing to the increase of obesity in society and that the company was failing to provide nutritional information about its food for its customers. Six weeks after the film premiered, McDonald’s announced that it was eliminating the super size option, and was creating the adult Happy Meal.
Studies of litter have found that McDonald’s is one of the most littered brands worldwide. In 2012, a Keep Australia Beautiful study found that McDonald’s was the most littered brand in Queensland.[221][222]
In response to public pressure, McDonald’s has sought to include more healthy choices in its menu, announcing in May 2008 that, in the United States and Canada, it has switched to using cooking oil that contains no trans fats for its french fries, and canola-based oil with corn and soy oils, for its baked items, pies and cookies, by end of 2018.[223] The company introduced a new slogan to its recruitment posters: “Not bad for a McJob”.[224]
Since McDonald’s began receiving criticism for its environmental practices in the 1970s, it has significantly reduced its use of materials.[225] In 1990, McDonald’s worked with the Environmental Defense Fund to stop using “clam shell”-shaped styrofoam food containers to store its food products.[226]
Legal cases
McDonald’s has been involved in a number of lawsuits and other legal cases, most of which involved trademark disputes. The company has threatened many food businesses with legal action unless it drops the ‘Mc’ or ‘Mac’ from trading names.
European Union
In April 2017, Irish fast-food chain Supermac’s submitted a request to the European Union Property Office to cancel McDonald’s owned trademarks within the European Union, claiming that McDonald’s engaged in “trademark bullying; registering brand names… which are simply stored away in a war chest to use against future competitors”, after the trademarks had prevented Supermac’s from expanding out of Ireland. The EUIPO ruled in Supermac’s favour, finding that McDonald’s “has not proven genuine use” of many trademarks, cancelling McDonald’s owned trademarks such as “Big Mac” and certain “Mc”-related trademarks within the European Union.[227][228][229]
Burger King responded by “trolling” McDonald’s by giving their sandwiches names that included the words “Big Mac”, that also mocked the original burger, which included, “Like a Big Mac But Juicier”, “Like a Big Mac, But Actually Big” and “Big Mac-ish But Flame-Grilled of Course”.[230]
The McDonald’s group has had proceedings taken against it from the French Tax Authorities, with possible charges of criminal tax fraud. In July 2022, the group reached an agreement with the French judicial authorities to end criminal proceedings for tax fraud.[231]
Malaysia
On September 8, 2009, McDonald’s Malaysian operations lost a lawsuit to prevent another restaurant calling itself McCurry. McDonald’s lost in an appeal to Malaysia’s highest court, the Federal Court.[232] On December 29, 2016, McDonald’s Malaysia issued a statement that said only certified halal cakes are allowed inside its restaurants nationwide.[233]
Australia
In April 2007, in Perth, Western Australia, McDonald’s pleaded guilty to five charges relating to the employment of children under 15 in one of its outlets and was fined A$8,000.[234]
United Kingdom
The longest-running legal action of all time in the UK was the McLibel case against two defendants who criticized a number of aspects of the company. The trial lasted 10 years and called 130 witnesses. The European Court of Human Rights deemed that the unequal resources of the litigants breached the defendants rights to freedom of speech and biased the trial. The result was widely seen as a “PR disaster” for McDonald’s.[235]
In the end of November 2013, controversy arose after the Rucka Rucka Ali song “Only 17”, a parody of “Just a Dream” by Nelly, was accidentally played uncensored over the speakers at a McDonald’s restaurant in Wales.[236][237] Subsequently, McDonald’s issued an apology to the offended customers.[238] That same week, Rucka Rucka Ali responded to the controversy on his YouTube channel by jokingly demanding a personal apology from the restaurant.[239]
United States
The 1994 court case Liebeck v. McDonald’s Restaurants examined a McDonald’s practice of serving coffee so hot that when spilled, it caused third degree burns requiring weeks of hospitalization and skin grafting surgery.[240][241] The trial outcome was an award of $2.86 million (equivalent to $4.62 million in 2020)[242] for the plaintiff, 81-year old Stella Liebeck.[240][241] The amount was later reduced to $640,000 (equivalent to $1 million in 2020). In 2019, a McDonald’s employee, Jenna Ries, sued the restaurant chain over allowing sexual harassment in the work place and described the working environment as “toxic”.[243]
See also
References
^ Purdy, Chase (April 25, 2017). “McDonald’s isn’t just a fast-food chain—it’s a brilliant $30 billion real-estate company”. Quartz. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
^ Maze, Jonathan (February 26, 2015). “Why McDonald’s won’t ever get rid of its real estate”. Nation’s Restaurant News. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
^ Bomkamp, Samantha (June 13, 2016). “Mcdonald’s HQ Move Is Boldest Step Yet in Effort to Transform Itself”. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h “2021 Annual Report” (PDF). McDonald’s IR. February 24, 2022. pp. 3, 8, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 30, 43, 44, 48, 55. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
^ “Enrique Hernandez, Jr”. McDonalds.com.
^ “MCDONALDS CORP, 10-K”. February 22, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
^ “McDonald’s Corporation 2017 Annual Report Form (10-K)” (PDF). United States Securities and Exchange Commission. February 23, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
^ a b “McDonald’s future Near West Side neighbors air parking, traffic safety beefs”. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
^ a b Hufford, Austen (June 14, 2016). “McDonald’s to Move Headquarters to Downtown Chicago”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
^ “McDonald’s Headquarters Opening in West Loop, Offers Food From Around The World”. April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018 – via CBS Chicago.
^ “McDonald’s Opens New Global Headquarters in Chicago’s West Loop”. July 4, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
^ “McDonald’s Is King Of Restaurants In 2017 – pg.1”. Forbes. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
^ “McDonald’s: 60 years, billions served”. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
^ a b c “MCDONALDS CORP, 10-K filed on 2/22/2019”. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019.
^ a b c “Data” (PDF). d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 12, 2017.
^ Channer, Jack (September 11, 2017). “The 10 Most Popular McDonald’s Menu Items of All Time”. Archived from the original on August 30, 2022.
^ Robbins, John (October 8, 2010). “How Bad Is McDonald’s Food?”. HuffPost.
^ “The world’s 30 largest employers will surprise you”. www.msn.com. June 29, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
^ “The World’s Largest Employers”. WorldAtlas. February 15, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
^ “BrandZ Global Top 100 Most Valuable Brands”. BrandZ. December 11, 2022.
^ “Behind the Arches: How McDonald’s Fails to Protect Workers From Workplace Violence”. National Employment Law Project. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
^ Bhandari, Arabinda (2013). Strategic management: A Conceptual Framework. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-259-02640-9.
^ Skrabec, Quentin R. (2012). The 100 Most Significant Events in American Business: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-313-39862-9.
^ Dotz, Warren; Morton, Jim (1996). What a Character! 20th Century American Advertising Icons. Chronicle Books. pp. 27–28. ISBN 0-8118-0936-6.
^ “The McDonalds and Their Restaurant”. referenceforbusiness.com. Retrieved January 16, 2017. In 1962, McDonald’s golden arches replaced Speedee as the restaurant’s main symbol, and ads told customers to “Look for the golden arches.” … Kroc believed in advertising heavily and in targeting children. In 1965, the company introduced a new mascot, a red-haired clown named Ronald McDonald, who became a frequent and friendly face in television commercials.
^ Wagner III, John; Hollenbeck, John R. (2020). Organizational Behavior: Securing Competitive Advantage. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-33490-6.
^ a b Smith, Andrew F. (2009). Eating History: 30 Turning Points in the Making of American Cuisine. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-231-14092-8.
^ “Ray Kroc”. Entrepreneur. October 9, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
^ “McDonalds Museum”. Juan Pollo. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
^ “Fanatics Preach Fast Food Evangelism”. Fox News Channel. July 23, 2011. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
^ Dand, Khyati (January 10, 2022). “This Is The Exact Date McDonald’s Shamrock Shake Returns In 2022”. Mashed.com. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
^ “Cheeseburger Green Chile Double”. McDonalds. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
^ Smith, Michelle (July 4, 2019). “10 Awesome McDonald’s Foods You Can Only Get In America”. The Travler. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
^ “McDonald’s is going for healthier fare and greater digitisation”. The Economist. January 28, 2017. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
^ “McDonald’s to remove corn syrup from buns, curbs antibiotics in chicken”. Reuters. August 1, 2016.
^ “McDonald’s says classic burgers no longer have artificial ingredients”. Free Malaysia Today. September 28, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
^ “McDonald’s Removing Artificial Preservatives From 7 Classic Burgers”. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
^ “McDonald’s says classic burgers no longer have artificial ingredients”. AFP.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
^ “McDonald’s makes move to ditch artificial preservatives, colours and flavours”. NewsComAu. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
^ Garcia, Tonya. “McDonald’s to launch its own plant-based burger, the McPlant, after Beyond Meat test”. MarketWatch. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
^ Sozzi, Brian (November 9, 2020). “McDonald’s unveils its own meatless burger McPlant, a year after Beyond Meat test”. www.yahoo.com. Yahoo Finance. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
^ “McDonald’s takes Georgie Pie nationwide”. Stuff.co.nz. October 1, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
^ Khan, Mahmood; Khan, Maryam (2013). “I’m Lovin’ It”—Around the World: A Case Study of McDonald’s “Glocalization”. 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road, London, EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: International CHRIE. doi:10.4135/9781529710199. ISBN 978-1-5297-1019-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ “The Time is Now: McDonald’s Serving All Day Breakfast Nationwide”. McDonald’s. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
^ “McDonald’s all-day breakfast launches across Canada”. Global News. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
^ Pomranz, Mike (September 23, 2020). “Will All-Day Breakfast Ever Return to McDonald’s?”. Food & Wine. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
^ “10 Countries with the Most McDonald’s Locations”. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
^ a b c Mohapatra, Sanjay (2012). Information Strategy Design and Practices. Google Books: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-4614-2427-7.
^ Craven, Scott (August 29, 2016). “AZ Central — You won’t believe where McDonald’s opened its first drive-thru” (News Article).
^ “McDonald’s Restaurants”. Caterersearch.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ “Hearth Express Closed”. Supermarket News. July 31, 1995.
^ “McDrive: il fast food comodo, facile e veloce”. McDonald’s Italia (in Italian). Retrieved June 6, 2016.
^ “McDonald’s vs Newk’s Franchise Cost Comparison and Analysis”. thefranchisemall.com. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
^ Duca, Lauren (April 10, 2016). “This McDonald’s has a “Walk-Thru””. Teen Vogue. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
^ “McDonald’s Australia”. mcdonalds.com.au. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
^ Kieler, Ashlee (November 3, 2016). “McDonald’s Ends ‘Create Your Taste’ Customized Burger Program”. Consumerist. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
^ “McDonald’s and BP test combined operations. (McDonald’s Restaurants; BP Oil Co.)”. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012.
^ “McDonald’s serves up ‘MCSTOP’ – Its restaurant for big crowds”. August 16, 1984. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012.
^ a b c d “Restaurants going high tech”. Yahoo Tech. June 14, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
^ The world’s only float-through McDonalds, archived from the original on December 21, 2021, retrieved October 14, 2021
^ Quinn, Dave (October 13, 2021). “McDonald’s Has a Riverside Restaurant with a Float-Thru Window”. people.com. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
^ “El único Mc Donald’s kosher del mundo fuera de Israel es certificado por Ajdut Kosher” Archived June 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (Spanish and English). Last consulted: May 22, 2011
^ “Buenos Aires Restaurants – Kosher McDonald’s”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ “Big Mac with a side of quinoa? Inside the world’s first McDonald’s Next”. CNN. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ “McDonald’s wants a digital-age makeover”. Archived from the original on September 23, 2006.
^ “Mickey D’s McMakeover”. Archived from the original on May 24, 2006.
^ Bruce Horovitz (May 9, 2011). “McDonald’s revamps store to look more upscale”. USA Today. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
^ “McDonald’s Bans Smoking at All the Sites It Owns”. The New York Times. February 24, 1994.
^ McLean, Rob. “McDonald’s closes seating at corporate-owned restaurants amid coronavirus outbreak”. CNN.
^ Saxena, Jaya (March 17, 2020). “Corporate-Owned McDonald’s Will Only Offer Drive-Thru, Takeout, and Delivery Amid Coronavirus Pandemic”. Eater. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
^ Hennessy, Peter (June 3, 2020). “Police rush to McDonald’s as motorists cause problems on reopening day”. lincolnshirelive.
^ Corcoran, Sophie (June 3, 2020). “Humberside Police called as McDonald’s customers abuse staff”. hulldailymail.
^ Fitzpatrick, Tara (June 2, 2020). “Scots cops called to McDonald’s branches as customers queue for hours in chaos”. dailyrecord.
^ Taylor, Michael (June 3, 2020). “Police warn McDonald’s queues could ‘lead to accidents'”. somersetlive.
^ Harrison, Claire (June 4, 2020). “Police warning to drivers after dangerous queues at McDonald’s”. coventrytelegraph.
^ Haddon, Heather (July 28, 2020). “Coronavirus Pandemic Squeezes McDonald’s Profit”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
^ Gibson, Richard (August 12, 1999). “Want Fries With That? Ask McDonald’s New E-Clerks”. The Wall Street Journal.
^ O’Toole, James (May 22, 2014). “Robots will replace fast-food workers”. CNN. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
^ Johnson, Hollis (May 16, 2016). “Fast food workers are becoming obsolete”. Business Insider. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
^ “McDonald’s uses AI for ordering at drive-throughs”. BBC News. September 11, 2019.
^ Neville, Simon (August 25, 2008). “McDonald’s ties nine out of 10 workers to zero-hours contracts”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
^ “FAQS | McDonald’s UK”. www.mcdonalds.com. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
^ Anzalone Liszt Grove Research and Fast Food Foreward. New York’s Hidden Crime Wave: Wage Theft and New York City’s Fast Food Workers
^ Maclay, Kathleen. “Fast Food, Poverty Wages: The Public Cost of Low-wage jobs in the Fast Food Industry”. University of California Labor Center October 15, 2013.
^ Susanna Kim (November 21, 2013). McDonald’s Defends Telling Workers to ‘Quit Complaining’ to Reduce Stress. ABC News. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
^ “McDonald’s Closes Employee Website Amid Criticism”. DailyDigest. Associated Press. December 26, 2013. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
^ Goldberg, Harmony, “How McDonald’s gets away with rampant wage theft”, Salon, April 6, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
^ Tae-hoon, Lee (August 16, 2015). “McDonald’s lures customers with illegal ads on Independence Day”. The Korea Observer. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
^ “McDonald’s Hourly Pay”. Glassdoor. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
^ Beckerman, Josh. “McDonald’s New CEO Gets 69% Pay Raise”, Wall Street Journal, March 3, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
^ Sherman, Erik (July 12, 2018). “How Many Workers Must Live In Poverty For McDonald’s CEO To Make $21.8 Million?”. Forbes. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
^ Bruce Horovitz and Yamiche Alcindor (April 15, 2015). Fast-food strikes widen into social-justice movement. USA Today. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
^ a b Taylor, Kate (May 25, 2016). “McDonald’s ex-CEO just revealed a terrifying reality for fast-food workers”. Business Insider. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
^ “McDonald’s faces strike for first time in UK as workers take action over pay and zero-hour contracts”. The Independent. September 4, 2017. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
^ “McDonald’s workers to go on strike in Britain for first time”. The Guardian. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
^ Chazan, David (September 1, 2019). “Marseille fights to stop McDonald’s from closing in rare French support for American fast-food giant”. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
^ “Lawyers claim attempted murder of McDonald’s trade unionist in France”. Morning Star. August 31, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
^ “Marseille: Kamel Guemari porte plainte pour tentative de meurtre”. La Marsaillaise (in French). August 31, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
^ “Fast-food chains tell workers to treat burns with mustard, ketchup, and mayo”. Mother Jones. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
^ Jana Kasperkevic (March 16, 2015). McDonald’s workers told to treat burns with condiments, survey shows. The Guardian. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
^ Owen, Tess (September 10, 2015). “McDonald’s Is Switching to Cage-Free Eggs at a Delicate Moment for the Poultry Industry”. VICE News. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
^ “The Insanely Complicated Logistics of Cage-Free Eggs for All”. Wired. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
^ Gelles, David (July 16, 2016). “Eggs That Clear the Cages, but Maybe Not the Conscience”. The New York Times. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
^ Kesmodel, David (March 18, 2015). “Cage-Free Hens Study Finds Little Difference in Egg Quality”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
^ Strom, Stephanie (February 13, 2012). “McDonald’s Set to Phase Out Suppliers’ Use of Sow Crates”. The New York Times. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
^ “Carl Icahn Pushes McDonald’s to Change Way It Sources Its Pork”. The New York Times. February 20, 2022.
^ Luna, Nelson (September 8, 2019). “Goodbye, golden arches: Columbia to redevelop McDonald’s property as part of Manhattanville expansion”. Columbia Daily Spectator. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
^ a b McDonald’s – The Leading Global Food Service Retailer :: AboutMcDonalds.com. Retrieved May 8, 2008
^ “McDonald’s Momentum Delivers Another Year of Strong Results for 2011”. Yahoo Finance. January 24, 2012. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
^ Brand, Rachel (December 23, 2006). “Chipotle founder had big dreams”. Rocky Mountain News. Archived from the original on July 8, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
^ “McDonald’s sets October deadline to sell Chipotle stock”. Denver Business Journal. July 25, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
^ “McDonald’s Wraps Up Boston Market Sale”. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. News Services. August 27, 2007. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 28, 2007.
^ Baertlein, Lisa (September 24, 2009). “McDonald’s raises cash dividend by 10%”. Reuters. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
^ “Definition of S&P 500 Aristocrat at Investopedia”. Investopedia.com. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
^ “List of 2009 Dividend Aristocrats via Seeking Alpha. Retrieved 10/1/2009”. Seekingalpha. Seekingalpha.com. December 23, 2008. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
^ “McDonald’s”. Fortune. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
^ Tiffany Hsu (November 9, 2012). “McDonald’s monthly sales fall for first time in nine years”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
^ Wong, Venessa (January 7, 2015). “McDonald’s New Turnaround Plan Is So 1990s”. www.bloomberg.com.
^ Baertlein, Lisa (March 14, 2017). “McDonald’s, late to mobile ordering, seeks to avoid pitfalls”. Reuters. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
^ Patton, Leslie (November 23, 2015). “McDonald’s Knows You’re Sick of Screw-Ups at Drive-Thru Windows”. Bloomberg. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
^ Ferdman, Roberto A. (August 13, 2015). “This is a terrible sign for McDonald’s”. The Washington Post.
^ a b “McDonald’s to Cut U.S. Stores for First Time in Decades”. The New York Times. Associated Press. June 18, 2015.
^ Lucas, Amelia (July 16, 2019). “McDonald’s adds DoorDash as new delivery partner, ending exclusivity with UberEats”. CNBC.
^ Hottovy, RJ (August 11, 2020). “Value, Access, and Franchisee Health Position McDonald’s for Postpandemic Growth”. Morningstar.com. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
^ “McDonald’s: Entwicklung der Anzahl der Restaurants bis 2017 | Statistik”. Statista (in German). Retrieved November 18, 2018.
^ a b c “2007 Annual Report” (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
^ “2008 Annual Report” (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
^ “2009 Annual Report” (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
^ “2010 Annual Report” (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
^ “2011 Annual Report” (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
^ “2012 Annual Report” (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
^ “2013 Annual Report” (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
^ “2014 Annual Report” (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
^ “2015 Annual Report” (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
^ “2016 Annual Report” (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
^ “2017 Annual Report” (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
^ “2018 Annual Report” (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2021.
^ “2019 Annual Report” (PDF). Retrieved August 18, 2020.
^ “2020 Annual Report” (PDF).
^ “McDonald’s Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2021 Results”. corporate.mcdonalds.com. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
^ Lublin, Joann S.; Jargon, Julie (October 15, 2015). “McDonald’s Nears Decision on Real Estate”. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
^ Jargon, Julie. “McDonald’s Won’t Spin Off Real Estate Holdings”. The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
^ “Hamburger University Campus”. mcdonalds.com. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
^ “Our Facility”. corporate.mcdonalds.com. Archived from the original on September 2, 2016.
^ “McDonald’s Business Model and Strategy :: McDonald’s”. corporate.mcdonalds.com. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
^ Eidelson, Josh (November 19, 2013). “McDonald’s tells workers to “sing away stress,” “chew away cares” and go to church”. Salon. Retrieved August 21, 2014. These and other tips appear on a “McResource Line” website created by the McDonald’s Corp. to advise workers on stress, health and personal finances. Among the tips that appear on the site: “Chewing gum can reduce cortisol levels by 16%”; “At least two vacations a year can cut heart attack risk by 50%”; “Singing along to your favorite songs can lower your blood pressure”; and “People who attend more church services tend to have lower blood pressure.”
^ Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation.
^ Dean, Grace. “Fast-food giants cut value meals and cheaper items during the pandemic — and some, like Wendy’s and McDonald’s, are now pushing luxury burgers and pricier family combos instead”. Business Insider. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
^ Russ, Hilary (June 22, 2021). “U.S. fast-food chains cut discounts, push pricy meals post-pandemic”. Reuters. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
^ “Fast-Food Restaurants Cut Value Menu Items, Push Meal Combos Post-Pandemic”. GOBankingRates. June 23, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
^ “McDonald’s Quietly Removes Happy Meals from Value Menu”. QSR magazine. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
^ Steele, Jeffrey. Oak Brook history in caring hands society president is part of village’s changing heritage”. Chicago Tribune. July 29, 1998. Page 88. Retrieved September 17, 2009.
^ Cross, Robert. Inside Hamburger Central Archived August 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine”. Chicago Tribune. January 9, 1972. G18. Retrieved September 17, 2009.
^ “Board of Directors”. McDonald’s. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
^ Haddon, Heather (November 4, 2019). “McDonald’s Fires CEO Steve Easterbrook Over Relationship With Employee”. Wall Street Journal.
^ “McDonald’s CEO steps down after relationship with employee”. Evening Express. November 3, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
^ Hirsch, Lauren (August 22, 2022). “Under Pressure, McDonald’s Shakes Up Its Board”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
^ “Sheila Penrose to leave McDonald’s board”. UPI. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
^ “Sheila Penrose – Awesome”. www.awesomeleaders.org. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
^ “India’s 50 most trusted brands”. Rediff.com. January 20, 2011.
^ “The Big Mac index”. The Economist. October 7, 2015.
^ “The Big Mac index – Currency comparisons, to go”. The Economist. July 28, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
^ ‘Until we meet again,’ McDonald’s tells Russia as it exits the country for good – DailyO
^ Invercargill: The World’s Southernmost… – Invercargill Holiday Park and Motels
^ Friedman, Thomas L. (December 8, 1996). “Foreign Affairs Big Mac I”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
^ “The Lexus and the Olive Tree”. Thomaslfriedman.com. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ “McDonald’s quits Crimea due to fears of trade clash”. INA Daily News. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
^ “Russia Shuts 4 McDonald’s Restaurants Amid Ukraine Tensions”. Moscow News.Net. August 20, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
^ “Russian Deputy PM says McDonalds is not being targeted in response to sanctions”. Russia Herald. August 23, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
^ Stanford University Press, 1998, edited by James L. Watson
^ “McDonald’s deal with oil company marries China’s new love of fast food, cars”. Archived from the original on March 25, 2007.
^ Samuel, Henry (October 4, 2009). “McDonald’s restaurants to open at the Louvre”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022.
^ Gasparro, Annie; Jargon, Julie (September 5, 2012). “McDonald’s to Go Vegetarian in India”. The Wall Street Journal. p. B7.
^ “Voluntary Announcement: Acquisition of a Controlling Interest in Mcdonald’s Mainland China and Hong Kong Businesses” (PDF). CITIC Limited. Hong Kong Stock Exchange. January 9, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ Patton, Leslie (March 8, 2022). “McDonald’s to Shutter 850 Russia Stores After Backlash”. Bloomberg News. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
^ Harris, Sophia (March 8, 2022). “McDonald’s, Starbucks, Coke, Pepsi join companies suspending business in Russia”. CBC News. Toronto ON: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
^ “McDonald’s, Coca-Cola and Starbucks halt Russian sales”. BBC News. London UK: British Broadcasting Corporation. March 8, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
^ “McDonald’s to sell its business in Russia after 30 years”. theguardian. May 16, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
^ “After 32 years, McDonald’s plans to sell its Russia business”. The New York Times. May 16, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
^ “McDonald’s to leave Russia for good after 30 years”. BBC News. May 16, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
^ “McDonald’s says it will sell its Russia business after previously pausing operations due to Ukraine war”. cnbc News. May 16, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
^ “McDonald’s is leaving Russia altogether”. cnn News. May 16, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
^ “Russia’s new version of McDonald’s unveils logo”. BBC News. June 10, 2022. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
^ Tasty name but no Big Mac: Russia reopens rebranded McDonald’s restaurants Reuters June 12, 2022
^ “Russia unveils ‘tasty’ McDonald’s substitute”. BBC News. June 12, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
^ “Stars Coffee, anyone? Old Starbucks stores reopen in Russia with imitation branding — and menu”. ABC News. August 20, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
^ “Big Mac’s comeback: McDonald’s to reopen in Ukraine”. AP. August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
^ “”Макдональдс” в Беларуси будет работать под российским брендом “Вкусно — и точка””. officelife.media (in Russian). November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
^ “McDonald’s renews as FIFA World Cup Sponsor until 2014”. FIFA. Retrieved October 24, 2014
^ Smith, Andrew F. (2012). Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 175.
^ “McDonald’s slogans used around the world, past and present”. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
^ “Remembering Michael Jordan’s Landmark McDonald’s Deal”. Sports. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
^ “Sprite and LeBron James Create Limited-Edition Flavor | Press Release”. www.coca-colacompany.com.
^ “LeBron James leaving Coke after almost 18 years to sign endorsement deal with Pepsi, per reports”. CBS Sports.
^ Ju, Shirley (September 9, 2020). “Travis Scott McDonald’s Deal Marks First Celebrity Meal Since Michael Jordan in 1992”. Variety. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
^ Saxena, Jaya (October 6, 2020). “McDonald’s Partners With J Balvin Following the Huge Success of the Travis Scott Meal”. Eater. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
^ “LeBron set to sign deal with Pepsi, sources say”. ESPN.com. January 16, 2021.
^ “LeBron James signs deal with Sprite”. Cleveland19.
^ Shanfeld, Ethan (April 20, 2021). “BTS Meal Coming to McDonald’s in May”. Variety. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
^ “Mars rover Curiosity’s other mission: publicity machine”. Statesman.com. December 5, 2012. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
^ “Bill Elliott, McDonald’s to reunite”. Motorsport.com. Motorsport Network. August 25, 2004. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
^ “Spire Motorsports partners with CGR to field Daytona 500 car for Jamie McMurray”. Spire Motorsports. NASCAR. January 18, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
^ “McDonald’s set to race with Kyle Larson, No. 42 team in 2019”. Chip Ganassi Racing. NASCAR. January 18, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
^ Long, Dustin (April 13, 2020). “McDonald’s, Credit One Bank, Clover terminate sponsorship of Kyle Larson”. NBC Sports. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
^ “McDonald’s to Sponsor Wallace”. Richard Petty Motorsports (Press release). Motor Racing Network. February 21, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
^ “Wallace opts out of the No. 43 at season’s end”. Fulton Sun. AP. September 12, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
^ Pockrass, Bob [@bobpockrass] (December 14, 2020). “Chip Ganassi Racing will also have sponsorship from McDonalds in 2021. McDonalds is one of the five sponsors announced today by 23XI Racing” (Tweet). Retrieved December 16, 2020 – via Twitter.
^ Estrada, Chris (December 14, 2020). “23XI Racing reveals ‘founding partners’ for 2021 season”. NBC Sports. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
^ McHappy Day, Ronald McDonald House Charities. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
^ McHappy Day Archived April 25, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
^ “Donor Turns Fast Food Into Big Bucks For Hospital”. The New York Times. December 8, 1995. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
^ “The night time ‘McRefugees’ of Hong Kong”. BBC News. October 27, 2015. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
^ Dennis McLellan (April 16, 2004). “Phil Sokolof, 82; Used His Personal Fortune in Fight Against High-Fat Foods”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
^ “McLibel: Longest case in English history”. BBC News. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
^ Schlosser, Eric (2000). “Fast Food Nation”. archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
^ “Letter from McDonald’s headquarters claiming fries are vegetarian”. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2006.
^ “Merriam-Webster: ‘McJob’ is here to stay”. CNN Offbeat News. Associated Press. November 11, 2003. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008.
^ “McMansion: Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary”. Merriam-Webster Unabridged. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
^ Garfield, Leanna. “Millennials are ditching the cookie-cutter McMansion for the ‘McModern'”. Business Insider. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
^ Cowen (March 1, 2013). “Study reveals McDonalds to be pick of the litter”. Sunshine Coast Daily. Retrieved February 6, 2020. According to a study by litter prevention organisation Keep Australia Beautiful (KAB), McDonalds packaging accounted for 17.7% of discarded trash found in the state.
^ McGregorTan Research (September 2012). “National Branded Litter Study 2011/12” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
^ “McDonald’s cooking oil trans fat-free in U.S., Canada”. Reuters. May 23, 2008. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
^ Sweney, Mark (April 20, 2006). “Not bad for a McJob?”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 30, 2009.
^ “National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 18, 2000.
^ “McDonald’s and Environmental Defense Fund Mark 20 Years of Partnerships for Sustainability”. Environmental Defense Fund. November 15, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2013.
^ “‘It’s like Connacht winning against the All Blacks’: Supermac’s CEO responds to Big Mac trademark success against McDonald’s”. Independent.ie. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
^ “‘End of the McBully’ – Supermac’s wins trademark case against McDonald’s”. RTÉ. January 15, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
^ “EU strips McDonald’s of its Big Mac trademark in Europe”. The Independent. January 15, 2019. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
^ “‘Like a Big Mac But Juicier’: Burger King renames sandwiches to troll McDonald’s”. The Guardian.
^ “McDonald’s—Will the Growing Cooperation Between France’s Tax and Prosecution Authorities Erode Taxpayers’ Rights?”. news.bloombergtax.com. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
^ BBC online news article dated September 8, 2009 News.BB.co.uk
^ Balakrishnan, Nandini (December 30, 2016). “Cakes Without The Halal Logo Will Not Be Allowed In McD’s”. SAYS.
^ “McDonald’s fined for employing underage workers”. ABC News. April 12, 2007. Archived from the original on April 18, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2007.
^ “McLibel: Longest case in English history”. BBC News. February 15, 2005. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
^ “McDonalds apologises for playing explicit rap track at 9:30 am in Wales”. Gigwise. November 21, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
^ “McDonald’s Apologizes for Playing a Rucka Rucka Ali Song in Wales”. Bloomberg BusinessWeek. November 21, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
^ Stone, Anthony (November 21, 2013). “McDonald’s sorry over rap lyrics”. Yahoo News.
^ McCoppin, Suzy (November 26, 2013). “Controversial Rapper Rucka Rucka Ali Seeks Apology from McDonald’s”. Popdust.
^ a b Weiman, Darryl S. (July 1, 2018). “The McDonalds’ Coffee Case”. Huffington Post. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
^ a b Goodman, Amy (January 25, 2011). “Do You Know the Full Story Behind the Infamous McDonald’s Coffee Case and How Corporations Used it to Promote Tort Reform?”. Democracy Now!.
^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2022). “What Was the U.S. GDP Then?”. MeasuringWorth. Retrieved February 12, 2022. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
^ “McDonald’s workers sue over sexual harassment, ‘toxic’ work culture”. Reuters. November 13, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
Further reading
Ashenfelter, Orley, and Štěpán Jurajda. “Minimum Wages, Wages, and Price Pass-Through: The Case of McDonald’s Restaurants.” Journal of Labor Economics 40.S1 (2022): S179-S201. abstract
Bryman, Alan. “McDonald’s as a Disneyized institution: Global implications.” American Behavioral Scientist 47.2 (2003): 154-167. online
Derdak, Thomas and Jay P. Pederson, ed. (2004). “McDonald’s”. International directory of company histories (3rd ed.). St. James Press. pp. 108–9. ISBN 978-1-55862-512-9.
Eckhardt, Giana M., and Michael J. Houston. “Cultural paradoxes reflected in brand meaning: McDonald’s in Shanghai, China.” Journal of International Marketing 10.2 (2002): 68-82 online.
Evans, Stephen (April 20, 2004). “McDonald’s: The journey to health”. BBC News. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
Horovitz, Bruce (May 8, 2014). “McDonald’s testing seasoned fries”. USA Today. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
Kincheloe, Joe. “The complex politics of McDonald’s and the new childhood: Colonizing kidworld.” International Critical Childhood Policy Studies Journal 4.1 (2011): 1-46. online
Kincheloe, Joe L. The sign of the burger: McDonald’s and the culture of power (Temple University Press, 2002).
Kottak, Conrad P. “Rituals at McDonald’s.” Journal of American culture 1.2 (1978): 370-376 online[dead link].
Kroc, Ray. Grinding It Out: The Making of McDonald’s, 1977 ISBN 0809282593 a primary source
Langert, Bob. The battle to do good: Inside McDonald’s sustainability journey (2019).
Livesey, Sharon M. “McDonald’s and the Environmental Defense Fund: A case study of a green alliance.” Journal of Business Communication (1973) 36.1 (1999): 5-39.
Love, John F. McDonald’s: Behind The Arches (1995). online
Napoli, Lisa. Ray & Joan: The Man Who Made the McDonald’s Fortune and the Woman Who Gave It All Away 2016 ISBN 1101984953.
Ram, Uri. “Glocommodification: How the global consumes the local–McDonald’s in Israel.” Current Sociology 52.1 (2004): 11-31. online
Royle, Tony. Working for McDonald’s in Europe: the unequal struggle (Routledge, 2004).
Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal by 2001 ISBN 0395977894.
Smith, Andrew F. ed. Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food (2006)
Tien, Nguyen Hoang. “Customization and Standardization of the Business Strategy of Foreign Enterprises in Vietnam–the McDonald’s Case and the Fast Food Sector” International journal of research in marketing management and sales 1.2 (2019): 44-50. online
Vignali, Claudio. “McDonald’s: ‘think global, act local’–the marketing mix.” British food journal (2001) online[dead link].
Watson, James L., ed. Golden arches east: McDonald’s in East Asia (Stanford University Press, 2006) excerpt
External links
Links to related articles
